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After many decades of confusion over the copyright status of the words to the "Happy Birthday" song, the United States District Court for the Central District of California ruled on September 22, 2015 that "the purported successors-in-interest [to the authors' copyright] do not own a valid copyright to the Happy Birthday lyrics." The full-text of the decision is available here.

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Universities Canada updated fair dealing guidelines

On May 12, 2025, Universities Canada circulated an updated version of its fair dealing guidelines to member institutions. To date, the updated version has not been posted on the Universities Canada website, but has been made available via an independent blog....

Federal Court rules on whether use of a lawfully acquired password circumvents the Copyright Act's technological protection measures

On May 31, 2024, the Federal Court of Canada delivered its decision in 1395804 Ontario Ltd. (Blacklock's Reporter) v. Canada (Attorney General). Blacklock's, a subscription-based news service, alleged Parks Canada infringed its copyright by purchasing a subscription to particular Blacklock's news articles and sharing the password to those articles with several Parks Canada employees. Representing Parks Canada, the Attorney General counterclaimed that use of the articles constituted fair dealing, and did not breach the Copyright Act's prohibition against circumvention of technological protection measures (TPMs). After noting that a TPM "must be a technology, device or component that must be effective in controlling access to the work or restricting the doing of some act," the Court said it was " satisfied that the use made of the articles accessed through the validly obtained password constituted, on the facts in this record, fair dealing according to section 29 of the Act." The Court further observed that "fair dealing has been found by authorities binding on this Court to be an integral part of a scheme, not a mere exception to the scheme or a defence to an infringement. It must be accounted for in considering the TPM provisions." On the issue of whether use of a password can constitute circumvention of a TPM, the Court said, "The ability of copyright owners to protect against the distribution of their works, which is made so much more broad scale in the digital world, is now a reality. But that cannot be if the cost is to negative fair dealing." The Court thus ruled that, in order to maintain the Act's careful balance between the private and public interests in the scheme of copyright, "the licit acquisition and use of a password, if it is otherwise a technological protection measure, does not constitute the circumvention of the technological protection measures of the Copyright Act." ...

Federal Court decision in Alberta v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)

On February 22, 2024 the Federal Court of Canada delivered its decision in a 2018 suit launched by 10 provincial and territorial K-12 education ministries and all Ontario school boards (the Consortium), who sought a refund from Access Copyright (AC) for royalty over-payments. The Consortium's over-payments, totalling more than $25 million, were made in the period 2010 to 2012 during which Consortium members were licensees under a continuation of the terms of the 2005-2009 tariff while the Copyright Board reviewed AC's tariff proposals for the 2010 to 2015 period. AC did not dispute the over-payment amount. However, AC counterclaimed that a refund was not required because, among other things, it claimed the Consortium continued to be licensees from 2013 to 2015 but paid no licensing fees. The central questions before the Court included whether the Consortium members were licensees after 2012, and if not, whether AC is entitled to keep the Consortium's over-payment of licensing fees. On both of these issues the Court ruled in favour of the Consortium: that its members were not licensees during the disputed time frame and AC may not retain the over-payment amount. ...

Government of Canada consultation on copyright and generative AI

On October 12, 2023, the Government of Canada launched at consultation period in which it invites public comment on whether copyright law amendments are needed to facilitate the development of generative AI. Other recent governmental consultations on aspects of copyright law accepted written briefs from interested parties (e.g., the 2021 Consultation on a Modern Copyright Framework for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things). This time, however, participation in the Consultation on Copyright in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence is only available by filling out an online form. The deadline for submitting input is December 4, 2023. *Update: On December 1, 2023, the consultation period was extended to January 15, 2024. ...

US District Court rules "Happy Birthday" copyright claim invalid

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